A 2ª Seção do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) entendeu que é de competência do tribunal de arbitragem, e não do Judiciário, analisar pedidos de indicação de bens para garantir execuções de dívidas, antes mesmo da instauração de procedimento arbitral. Foi a primeira vez que a Corte analisou a questão.
Mas o placar apertado do julgamento – cinco votos a quatro – indica, segundo advogados, que a discussão ainda está longe de terminar. O Ministério Público Federal (MPF) já informou que questionará a decisão no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF).
Antes de adotar esse entendimento, os ministros tiveram que enfrentar uma questão preliminar. Eles discutiram se a Corte poderia analisar conflitos de competência entre os tribunais arbitrais e o Judiciário. Em setembro de 2010, a mesma 2ª Seção havia se negado a resolver um conflito entre duas câmaras de arbitragem. “Admitir o conflito permitirá um fogo de encontro do que as partes previamente acordaram. Quando se elege o foro, as partes assumem o risco”, afirmou, na época, o ministro Sidnei Beneti.
Desta vez, os ministros decidiram de forma diferente e basearam a decisão no artigo 105 da Constituição Federal. Segundo o dispositivo, o STJ deve julgar os conflitos de competência entre os tribunais, “bem como entre tribunais e juízes a ele vinculados e entre juízes vinculados a tribunais diversos”.
A seção julgou o caso das Centrais Elétricas de Belém (Cebel) contra a construtora Schahim. A empresa foi chamada a construir uma barragem, no interior de Rondônia, que cedeu. O contrato, firmado pelas partes, previa que qualquer controvérsia seria resolvida pela arbitragem.
Em 2008, a Cebel propôs uma medida cautelar para bloquear R$ 275 milhões do patrimônio das empresas responsáveis pela construção. Em agosto de 2009, o juiz da 2ª Vara Empresarial do Rio de Janeiro aceitou o pedido para indicação de bens que garantissem a execução. No fim daquele ano, para tentar resolver o conflito, um procedimento arbitral foi instaurado na Câmara de Arbitragem Brasil-Canadá.
Para a relatora do caso, ministra Nancy Andrighi, quando o contrato entre as partes prevê a arbitragem para a resolução de conflitos, o tribunal arbitral será responsável por analisar medidas cautelares. “O árbitro possui jurisdição, pois é juiz de fato e de direito”, disse a ministra. “Receio a dissipação e esvaziamento da Lei de Arbitragem”, completou a ministra, temendo que o resultado fosse diferente.
Os ministros João Otávio de Noronha, Ricardo Villas Bôas Cueva, Maria Isabel Gallotti e Marco Aurélio Buzzi discordaram da relatora. Com o julgamento, o STJ anulou a decisão do juiz da 2ª Vara Empresarial do Rio de Janeiro. “A necessidade de arrolamento de bens pode ser demonstrada aos árbitros que, mediante seu prudente arbítrio, poderão deferir a medida, com imediata delegação ao Poder Judiciário da respectiva efetivação”, afirmou Nancy.
O procurador Washington Bolivar Jr., do Ministério Público Federal, disse que apresentará embargos de declaração no STJ e tentará levar a discussão ao Supremo Tribunal Federal. Para ele, seria inconcebível não permitir que juízes apreciem medidas cautelares.
Fonte: Jornal Valor Econômico (Bárbara Pombo)
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